What is Burning Mouth Syndrome?
Burning Mouth Syndrome is a chronic condition that manifests as a continuous or intermittent burning pain in the mouth without an obvious clinical cause. It is most commonly reported among postmenopausal women but can affect individuals of any age or gender.
Primary vs. Secondary BMS
Primary BMS: Occurs when no identifiable underlying medical condition is present. It is believed to be related to nerve dysfunction.
Secondary BMS: Linked to underlying health conditions such as nutritional deficiencies, hormonal changes, or allergic reactions.
According to the NHS, while BMS is not life-threatening, it can be persistent and challenging to treat, requiring a multi-disciplinary approach for effective management (NHS).
Symptoms of Burning Mouth Syndrome
The hallmark symptom of BMS is a burning or scalding sensation in the mouth, which can present in the following ways:
Pain affecting the tongue, lips, gums, or the entire mouth
Dry mouth (xerostomia), despite normal saliva production
Altered taste perception, including a metallic or bitter taste
Tingling, numbness, or increased sensitivity in the mouth
Symptoms that worsen throughout the day but may subside at night
The symptoms of BMS can persist for months or even years, making timely diagnosis and intervention essential.
What Causes Burning Mouth Syndrome?
The exact cause of BMS is not fully understood, but research suggests a combination of neurological, hormonal, and systemic factors. Some potential causes include:
1. Nerve Dysfunction
Damage to or dysfunction in the nerves responsible for pain and taste sensation can lead to BMS.
Studies suggest that altered nerve signalling in the brain and mouth may be a key factor.
2. Hormonal Changes
Many women report the onset of BMS during menopause, likely due to oestrogen fluctuations affecting the salivary glands and nerve function.
3. Nutritional Deficiencies
Deficiencies in essential nutrients such as vitamin B12, iron, folic acid, and zinc have been associated with BMS. A blood test can help identify deficiencies.
4. Dry Mouth (Xerostomia)
Some individuals with BMS experience reduced saliva flow, which can exacerbate oral discomfort and irritation.
5. Allergic Reactions
Sensitivities to oral care products, including toothpaste ingredients (such as sodium lauryl sulfate) and certain mouthwashes, may trigger BMS.
6. Medical Conditions
Diabetes: Poorly controlled blood sugar levels can affect nerve function, increasing the risk of BMS.
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD): Acid reflux can cause irritation in the oral tissues.
Autoimmune conditions such as Sjögren’s syndrome can lead to dryness and discomfort in the mouth.
7. Psychological Factors
Stress, anxiety, and depression are known to contribute to heightened pain perception and may worsen BMS symptoms.
Diagnosis & Treatment for Burning Mouth Syndrome
There is no single diagnostic test for BMS, so healthcare professionals typically rely on a process of exclusion, which may involve:
Blood tests to check for nutritional deficiencies and underlying conditions.
Saliva tests to assess dry mouth severity.
Allergy testing to identify potential irritants.
Oral examination to rule out infections, oral lichen planus, or fungal conditions.
Medical Treatment Options
🔹 Medications & Supplements:
Alpha-lipoic acid supplements may help support nerve function.
Capsaicin rinses (derived from chilli peppers) can reduce pain sensitivity.
Clonazepam (Klonopin): A prescription medication that can provide relief for some individuals.
Tricyclic antidepressants or cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) can help if psychological factors play a role.
🔹 Oral Rinses & Topical Treatments:
Lidocaine gel for temporary pain relief.
Saliva substitutes to alleviate dry mouth symptoms.
🔹 Lifestyle Modifications:
Avoiding spicy, acidic, and highly salty foods.
Maintaining excellent oral hygiene with a mild fluoride toothpaste.
For tips on maintaining good oral health, check out our Daily Oral Hygiene Guide.
Final Thoughts
Burning Mouth Syndrome is a complex condition that requires a multi-faceted approach for effective management. If you experience persistent burning sensations in your mouth, consulting a healthcare professional is essential for proper diagnosis and tailored treatment options.
👉 Further Reading:
By following these professional insights, individuals with BMS can work towards better management and improved oral health outcomes. If you found this guide useful, consider sharing it with others who may benefit from it!
